Inclusion Criteria:
1. G1-G2 neuroendocrine tumor (WHO 2010) of histologically confirmed non-pancreatic
origin, functioning and nonfunctioning
2. Metastatic or locally advanced disease not amenable to treatment with curative intent
3. Clinical and/or radiological disease progression documented in the 12 months prior to
study entry.
4. Patients should have at least one measurable lesion as defined by RECIST 1.1 criteria.
Patients should not have undergone local or regional ablative procedures
(embolization, cryoablation, radiofrequency ablation, or others) in the 6 months prior
to entering the study, unless there are other locations of measurable disease or clear
radiological progression after carrying out these procedures (in these cases, local
and regional ablation procedures shall be permitted if they have been performed at
least 1 month prior to enrollment in the study).
5. Ki-67 < 20%
6. Prior treatment with somatostatin analogues is allowed
7. Prior treatment with interferon is allowed
8. Prior treatment is allowed with up to 2 antineoplastic systemic treatment lines
different from SAs or IFN (systemic treatment is understood as conventional cytotoxic
chemotherapy or new drugs for therapeutic targets as mTOR or other, as long as it is
not directed against VEGF/VEGFR). Treatment with SAs or IFN does not count as prior
lines of antineoplastic treatment.
9. Prior treatment with targeted therapy against VEGF or VEGFR is not allowed.
10. Adequate organ function as defined by the following criteria:
- Absolute neutrophil count ≥ 1500 cells/mm3,
- Platelet count ≥ 75,000 cells/mm3,
- Hemoglobin ≥ 9.0 g/dL,
- AST y ALT ≤ 2.5 x upper limit of normal (ULN), except if liver metastases exist,
in which case AST and ALT 5.0 ≤ x ULN is allowed,
- Total bilirubin ≤ 1.5 x ULN,
- Serum creatinine ≤ 1.5 x ULN or calculated creatinine clearance ≥ 60 mL/min,
- Proteinuria < 2+ by reactive strip. If the reactive strip is ≥ 2+, a 24-hour
urine sample should be collected and the patient may be eligible if urinary
protein excretion is < 2 g every 24 hours.
11. Men or women aged ≥ 18 years.
12. ECOG performance status 0-2
13. Life expectancy ≥ 12 weeks
14. At least 4 weeks should pass from the end of the previous systemic treatment with
resolution of all treatment-related toxicities to grade ≤ 1 according to NCI CTCAE
Version 4.0 or to baseline, except for alopecia or properly treated hypothyroidism.
15. No prior evidence of uncontrolled hypertension should exist, as documented by 2
baseline blood pressure readings taken at least 1 hour apart. Baseline readings of
systolic blood pressure should be ≤ 150 mm Hg and baseline readings of diastolic
pressure should be ≤ 90 mm Hg. Patients whose hypertension is being controlled with
antihypertensive therapy are eligible.
16. Women (or their partners) should be surgically sterilized or postmenopausal, or must
agree to use an effective contraceptive method during and for at least 6 months after
receiving study treatment. All women of childbearing age should have a negative
pregnancy test (serum/urine) within 7 days prior to starting treatment. Men (or their
partners) should be surgically sterilized or must agree to use an effective
contraceptive method during and for at least 6 months after receiving study treatment.
The definition of an effective contraceptive method must comply with local regulations
and will be based on the criterion of the principal investigator or a designated
associate. Lactating women may not participate in this study.
17. Signed and dated informed consent document stating that the patient has been informed
of all the pertinent aspects of the trial prior to recruitment.
18. Willingness and ability to comply with scheduled visits, treatment plans (including
willingness to take axitinib or placebo according to randomization), laboratory tests,
and other study procedures.
Exclusion Criteria:
1. Subjects must be evaluated with regard to the following exclusion criteria:
1. The following types of endocrine tumors will not be included: paraganglioma, adrenal
endocrine tumor, thyroid, parathyroid, or pituitary.
2. Major surgery within previous 4 weeks, or radiation therapy within 2 weeks prior to
the start of treatment. Prior palliative radiotherapy for metastatic lesions is
permitted if there is at least one measurable lesion that has not been irradiated
(i.e., if there are other non-irradiated target lesions).
3. Gastrointestinal abnormalities, including:
- Inability to swallow oral medication;
- Need for intravenous feeding;
- Prior surgical procedures that affect absorption, including total gastric
resection;
- Treatment for active peptic ulcer in the last 6 months;
- Uncontrolled active gastrointestinal bleeding unrelated to cancer, as evidenced
by hematemesis, hematochezia or clinically significant melena in the last 3
months without evidence of resolution documented by endoscopy or colonoscopy;
- Malabsorption syndromes;
4. Current or anticipated need for treatment with drugs that are potent inhibitors of
CYP3A4 (grapefruit juice, verapamil, ketoconazole, miconazole, itraconazole,
erythromycin, telithromycin, clarithromycin, indinavir, saquinavir, ritonavir,
nelfinavir, lopinavir, atazanavir, amprenavir, fosamprenavir, and delavirdine) unless
they can be replaced by another medication with minimal potential for CYP3A4/5
inhibition. The use of low-dose oral steroids (< 5 mg/day prednisone or equivalent) is
allowed. Co-administration of steroids may increase plasma concentrations of axitinib.
5. Current use or anticipated need for treatment with drugs that are known potent
CYP3A4/5 inducers (carbamazepine, dexamethasone, felbamate, phenobarbital, phenytoin,
amobarbital, nevirapine, primidone, rifabutin, rifampicin, and St. John's wort) unless
they can be replaced by another medication with minimal potential for CYP3A4
induction. Co-administration of CYP3A4/5 inducers may decrease plasma concentrations
of axitinib.
6. Need for anticoagulant therapy with oral vitamin K antagonists. Low doses of
anticoagulants to maintain the patency of a central venous access device or to prevent
deep vein thrombosis are permitted. Use with therapeutic doses of low molecular weight
heparin is allowed.
7. Clinically relevant history of bleeding in the last 6 months, including severe
hemoptysis or hematuria, unless it has been due to a treated cause (e.g., completely
resected bleeding intestinal tumor).
8. Active epilepsy or evidence of brain metastases, spinal cord compression, or
carcinomatous meningitis.
9. Serious uncontrolled illness or active infections that may interfere with the
patient's ability to receive the study treatment.
10. Any of the following events in the 12 months prior to administration of the study
drug: myocardial infarction, uncontrolled angina, implantation of a coronary or
peripheral bypass, symptomatic congestive heart failure, stroke or transient ischemic
attack. Deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism in the prior 6 months.
11. Ongoing grade ≥ 2 cardiac arrhythmias according to NCI CTCAE: atrial fibrillation of
any grade or QTc interval > 450 ms for men or > 470 ms for women.
12. Patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome-related disease.
13. Prior history of cancer except those treated with curative intent for non-melanoma
skin cancer in situ, breast or cervical cancer in situ, or those treated for any
cancer with curative intent and no evidence of disease in the last 5 years prior to
enrollment in the study.
14. Dementia or significantly altered mental status that could prevent compression, or
submission of informed consent and compliance with the requirements of this protocol.
15. Any severe, acute or chronic medical or psychiatric condition, or laboratory
abnormality that may increase the risk associated with participation in the study or
with study drug administration, or that may interfere with the interpretation of
results, and that could interfere with the patient's ability to take part in this
study in the investigator's opinion.
16. The patient's participation or intention to participate (in the 4 weeks prior to
starting drug administration) in a study in which the patient will receive an
investigational medicinal product.
17. Subjects who are institutionalized by governmental or by judicial decision, or
subjects who are dependent of the sponsor, the investigator or the trial site will be
excluded from participation.
