HPV status and tobacco use are the major independent prognostic factors for patients with
OPSCC. Patients with HPV-associated OPSCC have a favorable prognosis when treated with
chemotherapy, radiation, and/or surgery. This has resulted in national trials investigating
de-intensification strategies for good-risk patients with HPV-associated OPSCC, where current
multimodality paradigms may represent overtreatment.
The PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling network, a mitogenic pathway regulating cellular metabolism,
proliferation and survival, plays a major role in HPV biology. Starting with early infection,
activation of PI3K suppresses autophagy and induces functional protein translational
machinery. Activation of the pathway is a nearly universal aspect of mammalian viral
infection, and is of particular importance for dsDNA viruses such as HPV. The oncoproteins
E5, E6 and E7 also have direct roles in pathway activation. Moreover, HPV-associated OPSCC
demonstrates a strikingly high prevalence of genomic activation of the PI3K pathway,
including activating PIK3CA mutations (27-31%), PIK3CA amplification (20%), and loss of PTEN
(30%), the negative regulator of PI3K. Overall genomic events hypothesized to result in PI3K
pathway activation are present in approximately 45-60% of HPV-transformed OPSCC.
BYL719 is an oral, small molecule, alpha-specific inhibitor of PI3-Kinase. Because
HPV-associated OPSCC demonstrates a high rate of both genomic and non-genomic PI3K pathway
activation, we hypothesize that adding BYL719 to platinum-taxane induction chemotherapy in
HPV-associated OPSCC will increase clinico-radiologic complete response relative to
historical control. In this phase I/II trial, eligible patients wiht HPV-associated OPSCC
will be treated with 3 cycles of induction BYL719, cisplatin and paclitaxel. Induction will
be followed by minimally-invasive, transoral surgery (TORS or TLM) then risk-adapted IMRT.
Inclusion Criteria:
- Newly diagnosed, cytologically or histologically confirmed squamous cell carcinoma
(and common variants, including poorly differentiated carcinoma; undifferentiated
carcinoma; basaloid carcinoma) of the oropharynx. Patients must have resectable
oropharyngeal and nodal disease, including the following stages according to the
American Joint Commission on Cancer Staging 7th edition:
- T1N1-3
- T2N1-3
- T3N0-3
- T4aN0-3. Note: Eligible T4a tumors may include deep/extrinsic tongue muscle
invasion and must be judged resectable by TLM or TORS, according to the
surgeon-investigator. Patients with T4a tumors with clear radiologic mandibular,
hard palate or medial pterygoid invasion are not eligible.
- Carcinoma must be HPV-associated, which is defined as positive for p16 protein by
immunohistochemistry (IHC). p16 positivity is defined as ≥70% of tumor cells
demonstrating diffuse cytoplasmic and nuclear staining for p16 by immunohistochemistry
in a CLIA certified pathology lab. p16 testing is standard at participating
institutions and may be conducted locally.
- No evidence of distant metastatic disease
- Patients must have a clinically measurable primary oropharyngeal tumor, defined as
measuring ≥ 1 cm by spiral CT, per RECIST 1.1, and/or by clinical examination.
- No prior systemic chemotherapy, systemic biologic/molecular targeted therapy or
radiation treatment for head and neck cancer.
- Patients may have received chemotherapy or radiation for a previous, curatively
treated non-HNSCC malignancy, provided at least 2 years have elapsed without evidence
of recurrence.
- Patients must be untreated with radiation above the clavicles.
- Patients with a history of curatively-treated non-HNSCC malignancy must be
disease-free for at least 2 years except for excised and cured: carcinoma-in-situ of
breast or cervix; non-melanomatous skin cancer; T1-2, N0, M0 resected differentiated
thyroid carcinoma; superficial bladder cancer; T1a or T1b prostate cancer comprising <
5% of resected tissue with normal prostate specific antigen (PSA) since resection.
- Age ≥ 18 years
- Patient has signed the Informed Consent Form (ICF) prior to any screening procedures
being performed and is able to comply with protocol requirements
- Patient has an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status (ECOG PS) ≤ 1
that the investigator believes is stable at the time of screening
- Patient has adequate bone marrow and organ function as defined by the following
laboratory values:
- Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC) ≥ 1.5 x 109/L
- Platelets ≥ 100 x 109/L
- Hemoglobin ≥ 9.0 g/dL
- INR ≤ 1.5
- Creatinine Clearance ≥ 60 mg/mL as calculated by the modified Cockraft-Gault
formula:
Calculated Creatinine Clearance = [(140-age) X (actual body weight in kg) X (0.85 if
female)]/(72 X serum creatinine)
- Total serum bilirubin ≤ 1.5 x ULN
- Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) ≤ 2.5 x ULN
- Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≤ 140mg/dL or ≤ 7.8 mmol/L
- Patient is able to swallow and retain oral medication
Exclusion Criteria:
- Patient with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, defined as FPG > 140 mg/dL or 7.8
mmol/L
- Patient has a history of another malignancy within 2 years prior to starting study
treatment, except for excised and cured: carcinoma-in-situ of breast or cervix;
non-melanomatous skin cancer; T1-2, N0, M0 differentiated thyroid carcinoma;
superficial bladder cancer; T1a or T1b prostate cancer comprising < 5% of resected
tissue with normal PSA since resection.
- The presence of distant metastatic disease
- Prior systemic chemotherapy, molecularly targeted therapy, or radiation therapy for
the current OPSCC diagnosis
- History of radiation to the head and neck (above the clavicles)
- Patient who has undergone major surgery ≤ 4 weeks prior to starting study treatment or
who has not recovered from side effects of such procedure.
- Patient has clinically significant cardiac disease or impaired cardiac function, such
as:
- Congestive heart failure (CHF) requiring treatment (New York Heart Association
(NYHA) Grade ≥ 2), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) < 50% as determined
by multi-gated acquisition (MUGA) scan or echocardiogram (ECHO)
- History or current evidence of clinically significant cardiac arrhythmias, atrial
fibrillation and/or conduction abnormality, e.g. congenital long QT syndrome,
high-grade/complete AV-blockage
- Acute coronary syndromes (including myocardial infarction, unstable angina,
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), coronary angioplasty, or stenting), < 3
months prior to screening
- QT interval adjusted according to Fredericia (QTcF) > 480 msec on screening ECG
- Patient who has any severe and/or uncontrolled medical conditions such as:
- Active or uncontrolled severe infection requiring systemic antibiotics or
antifungals
- Liver disease such as cirrhosis, decompensated liver disease, and chronic
hepatitis (i.e. quantifiable HBV-DNA and/or positive HbsAg, quantifiable HCV-RNA)
- Known severely impaired lung function (spirometry and DLCO 50% or less of normal
and O2 saturation 88% or less at rest on room air),
- Active bleeding diathesis
- Chronic treatment with corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive agents
- Chronic treatment with warfarin or other coumarin derived anti-coagulant, for
treatment, prophylaxis or otherwise. Therapy with heparin, low molecular weight
heparin (LMWH), or fondaparinux is allowed
- Grade ≥ 2 peripheral neuropathy
- Grade ≥ 2 sensorineural hearing loss
- Patient who is currently receiving medication with a known risk of prolonging the QT
interval or inducing Torsades de Pointes (TdP) and the treatment cannot either be
discontinued or switched to a different medication prior to starting study drug
treatment.
- Patient who is currently receiving treatment with drugs known to be moderate or strong
inhibitors or inducers of isoenzymes CYP34A or CYP2C8. The patient must have
discontinued moderate and strong inducers of either enzyme for at least one week and
must have discontinued strong and moderate inhibitors before the start of treatment.
Switching to a different medication prior to start of treatment is allowed.
- Patient with impaired gastrointestinal (GI) function or GI disease that may
significantly alter the absorption of oral BYL719 (e.g. ulcerative disease,
malabsorption syndrome, or small bowel resection).
- Patient with known positive serology for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
- Pregnant or nursing woman, where pregnancy is defined as the state of a female after
conception and until the termination of gestation, confirmed by a positive hCG
laboratory test (> 5 mIU/mL).
- Patient who does not apply highly effective contraception during the study and through
the duration as defined below after the final dose of study treatment:
- Sexually active males should use a condom during intercourse while taking drug
and for 12 weeks after completion of all protocol treatment and should not father
a child in this period. A condom is required to be used also by vasectomized men
in order to prevent delivery of the drug via seminal fluid, during the period of
BYL719 treatment (induction chemotherapy) and for 4 weeks following completion of
BYL719.
- Women of child-bearing potential, defined as all women physiologically capable of
becoming pregnant, unless they are using highly effective methods of
contraception during dosing and 12 weeks after completion of all study treatment.
Highly effective contraception methods include:
- Total abstinence (when this is in line with the preferred and usual
lifestyle of the subject. Periodic abstinence (e.g., calendar, ovulation,
symptothermal, post-ovulation methods) and withdrawal are not acceptable
methods of contraception
- Female sterilization (have had surgical bilateral oophorectomy with or
without hysterectomy) or tubal ligation at least six weeks before taking
study treatment. In case of oophorectomy alone, only when the reproductive
status of the woman has been confirmed by follow up hormone level assessment
- Male partner sterilization (at least 6 months prior to screening). For
female subjects on the study the vasectomized male partner should be the
sole partner for that subject.
- Combination of the following methods:
- Placement of an intrauterine device (IUD) or intrauterine system (IUS)
- Barrier methods of contraception: Condom or Occlusive cap (diaphragm or
cervical/vault caps) with spermicidal foam/gel/film/cream/vaginal suppository
- Note: hormonal contraception methods (e.g. oral, injected, and implanted) are not
allowed as BYL719 may decrease the effectiveness of hormonal contraceptives
- Note: Women are considered post-menopausal and not of child bearing potential if
they have had 12 months of natural (spontaneous) amenorrhea with an appropriate
clinical profile (e.g. age appropriate, history of vasomotor symptoms) or have
had surgical bilateral oophorectomy (with or without hysterectomy) at least six
weeks ago.
