Description:
This study aims to determine which of 3 drug combinations best reduces the size of tumour
prior to surgery for advanced melanoma and prevents the recurrence of melanoma after surgery.
Title
- Brief Title: Neoadjuvant Dabrafenib, Trametinib and/or Pembrolizumab in BRAF Mutant Resectable Stage III Melanoma
- Official Title: A Phase II, Randomised, Open Label Study of Neoadjuvant Dabrafenib, Trametinib and / or Pembrolizumab in BRAF V600 Mutant Resectable Stage IIIB/C Melanoma
Clinical Trial IDs
- ORG STUDY ID:
MIA2015/179
- NCT ID:
NCT02858921
Conditions
Interventions
Drug | Synonyms | Arms |
---|
Dabrafenib | Tafinlar | Concurrent D + T AND Pembrolizumab |
Trametinib | Mekinist | Concurrent D + T AND Pembrolizumab |
Pembrolizumab | Keytruda | Concurrent D + T AND Pembrolizumab |
Purpose
This study aims to determine which of 3 drug combinations best reduces the size of tumour
prior to surgery for advanced melanoma and prevents the recurrence of melanoma after surgery.
Detailed Description
The new drug options for advanced melanoma include oncogene-targeted therapy (such as
dabrafenib, trametinib and vemurafenib) and immune checkpoint blockade (such as
pembrolizumab, nivolumab and ipilimumab). These drugs have shown remarkable efficacy and have
regulatory approval for metastatic disease. However, most patients with advanced disease
eventually progress. It is unknown if earlier treatment with systemic therapy after surgery
improves long term survival or what is the optimal sequencing or combination of therapy. An
efficient method of assessing drugs and combinations in humans is critical, particularly as
combinations of molecularly targeted and/or immune therapies may have similar signals for
efficacy in pre-clinical models, and recapitulation of the human immune system in animal
models is limited.
Neoadjuvant clinical trials in patients with resectable but bulky stage III/IV melanoma
allows for the rapid evaluation of drug activity in humans utilising multiple clinical
endpoints (metabolic response with Positron Emission Tomography [PET], clinical response with
Computed Tomography [CT] imaging, pathological response, relapse-free survival and overall
survival) and translational endpoints (morphological, genetic and immunophenotyping of tumour
and blood).
Surgery remains the standard of care for resectable Stage III or IV melanoma, despite the
recent drug therapy advances described above. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has
recently expanded the approved use of ipilimumab to include a new use as adjuvant therapy for
patients with resectable stage III / IV melanoma, to lower the risk of relapse following
surgery. Neoadjuvant therapy in this group of patients may also result in improved survival
rates and in the duration of local and distant disease control, with reduced surgical
morbidity and the potential for early elimination of microscopic metastatic disease.
There is an emerging and rapidly growing evidence base of the value of combining targeted and
immunotherapies in a number of histological subtypes of cancers. The support for a potential
synergy between the two treatment modalities has been established, as has the increased
toxicity profile. Both single agent BRAF inhibitors and combined BRAF and MEK inhibitors
induce a marked clonal T cell infiltrate in responding melanoma metastases early during
treatment (day 7-15), which is transient, and is not present at progression. Concurrently,
melanoma tumour antigen and the programmed death-ligand 1 (PDL1) expression increase early
during treatment.
It is unknown whether there is potential for converting a subset of patients who fail either
immunotherapy or targeted therapy alone into long-term responders by treating with programmed
cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitors in conjunction with mitogen-activated protein kinases
(MAPK) targeted therapies. Furthermore, it is unclear whether the PD-1 inhibitor would be
best combined sequentially or concurrently with MAPK inhibitors. Mouse models have provided a
clear rational for combining these treatments upfront, however there is no human tissue
evidence to guide best combination strategies.
The question of how best to maximize clinical outcome via concurrent versus sequential
targeted and immune therapy may be explored efficiently in the human neoadjuvant setting,
with detailed interrogation of multiple biopsies early during treatment. Immunological,
proteomic and genetic features in tissue and blood provide an in vivo assessment of tumour
responsiveness to therapy. This may enable more selective application of therapeutic agents
to patients who are more likely to benefit. Such findings would improve the therapeutic index
and cost effectiveness of these agents. Earlier systemic therapy prior to surgery also means
earlier targeting of distant micrometastases that could become the source of future disease
relapse.
The rationale for this study design is therefore based on the hypothesis that one week of
targeted therapy may be sufficient to induce an enhanced tumoral immunity to result in a
higher pathological and clinical response using the 'Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid
Tumors' (RECIST) guidelines when followed sequentially with pembrolizumab, than either
pembrolizumab alone or the combination of targeted therapy and pembrolizumab upfront.
The potential for toxicities that could affect adherence to the combined study treatments are
recognised, as additive, overlapping or unforeseen adverse events may occur with the triple
combination. The adverse event profiles and safety-related interruption to treatment will
therefore be assessed in conjunction with the objective responses.
The clinical and translational findings from this study have the potential to inform rational
decisions regarding combinations of treatment both in the metastatic and the adjuvant
settings. This is a critical study to inform future practice and future phase 3 clinical
trials. The translational research performed on tissue biopsies and blood will provide
mechanistic information to guide the selection of optimal combinations of therapies for phase
3 studies in the advanced and the adjuvant setting.
This is a phase II, randomised, open label, three arm, parallel group, clinical trial of
neoadjuvant combined targeted and immune therapy for patients with BRAF V600 mutant
resectable stage III (bulky regional stage IIIB-D, but excluding in transit disease)
melanoma.
This translational study explores pathological and RECIST response rates for a 6-week
duration of neoadjuvant therapy across 3 treatment arms. The key secondary outcomes to be
measured include a detailed analysis of immunologic, proteomic and genetic biomarkers in
tumour tissue and peripheral blood at weeks 1, 2 and 6 compared to baseline and correlated
with clinical, metabolic and pathological response to neoadjuvant treatment, and relapse and
overall survival to adjuvant treatment. In patients who relapse within 40 weeks of adjuvant
treatment, further analysis of tumour tissue (if possible) will be undertaken. Relapse free
and overall survival, surgical outcomes and adverse event profile will also be determined.
Sixty patients will be randomised to one of three treatment groups in a 1:1:1 ratio, with 20
patients in each treatment arm:
- "Sequential immunotherapy": Dabrafenib 150mg orally twice a day + Trametinib 2mg orally
once a day for 1 week, then followed by treatment with Pembrolizumab 2mg/kg delivered
intravenously at weeks 1, 3, and 6, then once every 3 weeks from week 6 for 50 weeks.
- "Concurrent immunotherapy": Dabrafenib 150mg orally twice a day + Trametinib 2mg orally
once a day + Pembrolizumab 200mg intravenously once every 3 weeks for 6 weeks then
Pembrlizuamb alone for a further 46 weeks after surgery.
- "Immunotherapy alone": Pembrolizumab 200mg intravenously once every 3 weeks alone for 52
weeks.
Allocation of treatment will be concealed prior to randomisation which will be performed via
a web based system in permuted blocks and stratified by BRAF V600E mutation versus non BRAF
V600E mutation (i.e. V600D, V600K, V600R, V600M).
Neoadjuvant treatment for all three arms will be administered for 6 weeks, followed by
complete resection of tumour to no evidence of disease. Surgery is followed by 46 weeks of
pembrolizumab adjuvant therapy or until disease relapse, death, intolerable adverse drug
reactions or by withdrawal of patient consent. After 52 weeks of the study treatment phase,
patients will be followed 3 monthly for relapse (and progression, following relapse) and
survival for 5 years.
The biomarker component of this study will require blood samples and core biopsies of tumour
tissue at the following time points:
- Baseline (PRE)
- Week 1 (EDT 1)
- Week 2 (EDT 2)
- Week 6 - complete lymph node dissection specimen (POST)
- At Relapse (RELAPSE) if applicable and available
Surveillance of disease during the 6 week neoadjuvant period will be undertaken with surgical
assessments and with ultrasounds of the affected lymph node basin.
Trial Arms
Name | Type | Description | Interventions |
---|
Sequential D + T, THEN Pembrolizumab | Experimental | Dabrafenib 150mg orally twice a day + Trametinib 2mg orally once a day for 1 week, then followed by treatment with Pembrolizumab 2mg/kg delivered intravenously at weeks 1, 3, and 6, then once every 3 weeks from week 6 for 46 weeks. | - Dabrafenib
- Trametinib
- Pembrolizumab
|
Concurrent D + T AND Pembrolizumab | Experimental | Dabrafenib 150mg orally twice a day + Trametinib 2mg orally once a day + Pembrolizumab 200mg intravenously once every 3 weeks for 6 weeks, the Pembrolizumab alone for 46 weeks | - Dabrafenib
- Trametinib
- Pembrolizumab
|
Pembrolizumab ONLY | Experimental | Pembrolizumab 200mg intravenously once every 3 weeks alone for 52 weeks. | |
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria:
- ≥18 years of age
- Written informed consent.
- Histologically confirmed, resectable American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC, 8th
edition) stage IIIB, IIIC (Tx, T0, T1-4, N1b, N2b, N3b, M0) cutaneous melanoma or
unknown primary melanoma with sufficient cutaneous and/or nodal disease to enable
multiple excisional or core biopsies (at baseline, week 1 and week 2). 'Resectable'
tumours are defined as having no significant vascular, central nervous system or bony
involvement. Only cases where a complete surgical resection with tumour-free margins
can safely be achieved are defined as resectable. Patients who may not have sufficient
disease to enable multiple biopsies at weeks 1 and 2 will not be excluded, however the
intention of the study is that at least one biopsy at these time points is required.
- Measurable disease according to RECIST version 1.1 criteria (≥ 10mm longest diameter
for non-nodal lesions and / or ≥ 15mm in shortest diameter for lymph nodes) within 4
weeks of randomisation. 'Measurable' disease may be ascertained by CT or for cutaneous
and superficial lesions, by caliper measurement with digital photography. CT preferred
for all lesions where possible. PET imaging will be performed, but not used for the
primary purpose of measuring response.
- BRAF V600 mutation positive on immunohistochemistry or a local molecular test (e.g.
Oncofocus): a. A positive V600E immunohistochemistry stain at study entry should be
formally quantified with a local molecular test following study entry (e.g.
Oncofocus); b. Molecular BRAF mutation status should preferentially be confirmed using
tissue taken from the presenting stage III / IV disease. Alternatively, archival
primary tissue is also acceptable to confirm BRAF mutation status.
- Able to swallow and retain oral medication
- Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0-1
- Demonstrated adequate organ function as defined:
1. Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≥1.5 109/L
2. Platelets ≥100 109/L
3. Haemoglobin ≥90g/L
4. Serum creatinine OR measured or calculated creatinine clearance (CrCl)
(Glomerular filtration rate [GFR] can also be used in place of creatinine or
CrCl) ≤1.5 X upper limit of normal (ULN) OR ≥60 mL/min for patient with
creatinine levels > 1.5 X institutional ULN.
5. Serum total bilirubin ≤ 1.5 X ULN OR Direct bilirubin ≤ ULN for patients with
total bilirubin levels > 1.5 ULN.
6. Aspartate transaminase (AST) and Alanine transaminase (ALT) ≤ 2.5 X ULN OR ≤ 5 X
ULN for patients with liver metastases.
7. Albumin >25 g/L
8. International Normalized Ratio (INR) or Prothrombin Time (PT)
9. Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) ≤1.5 X ULN unless patient is
receiving anticoagulant therapy as long as PT or PTT is within therapeutic range
of intended use of anticoagulants. ≤1.5 X ULN unless patient is receiving
anticoagulant therapy as long as PT or PTT is within therapeutic range of
intended use of anticoagulants
- Anticipated life expectancy of > 12 months.
- Women of childbearing potential: a negative serum pregnancy test within 72 hours of
first dose of study treatment and effective contraception from 14 days prior to study
treatment until 4 months after the last dose.
- Men with a female partner of childbearing potential to use effective contraception
from 14 days prior to study treatment until 4 months after the last dose.
Exclusion Criteria:
- In transit disease
- Uveal or mucosal melanoma.
- Prior anti-cancer treatment for melanoma, except for the following:
1. surgery for a primary melanoma or previous stage III melanoma,
2. adjuvant radiotherapy to the primary melanoma resected site or to lymph nodes for
previous Stage III disease,
3. previous adjuvant interferon or ipilimumab for resected stage II or III melanoma,
Previous adjuvant treatment with PD-1 inhibitors or BRAF/MEK inhibitors is not
permitted.
- Received any investigational drug within 28 days or 5 half-lives of the planned first
dose of this study treatment.
- Known immediate or delayed hypersensitivity reaction or idiosyncrasy to drugs
chemically related to the study treatments, their excipients and / or dimethyl
sulfoxide (DMSO).
- Active infection requiring systemic therapy.
- Current use of any prohibited medication as described in protocol.
- Active autoimmune disease or a documented history of autoimmune disease or a syndrome
requiring systemic steroids or immunosuppressive agents. Patients with the following
are permitted to enrol:
1. vitiligo,
2. type I diabetes mellitus,
3. residual hypothyroidism due to an autoimmune condition only requiring, and stable
on hormone replacement,
4. psoriasis not requiring systemic treatment,
5. resolved childhood asthma or atopy,
6. or conditions not expected to recur in the absence of an external trigger.
- A requirement for chronic systemic steroid therapy (> 10mg/kg per day of prednisone or
equivalent) within two weeks before the planned first dose of study treatment or any
on any other form of immunosuppressive treatment. Patients who require inhaled or
intranasal corticosteroids (with minimal systemic absorption) may be continued if the
patient is on a stable dose. Non-absorbed intra-articular steroid injections will also
be permitted.
- A known history of another malignancy or concurrent malignancy unless the patient is
disease-free for a minimum of 1 year, is completely treated and at low-risk of
recurrence. The time requirement does not apply for patients with successful
definitive resection or curative treatment of:
1. Non-melanoma skin cancer (e.g. basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma of the
skin),
2. superficial bladder cancer,
3. in situ carcinoma of the cervix,
4. in situ breast cancer,
5. atypical melanocytic hyperplasia or melanoma in situ
6. other in situ carcinomas,
7. multiple primary melanomas, or other treated low risk tumours.
- Known HIV, hepatitis B or C virus positive status or history of active tuberculosis
(testing prior to randomisation is not required).
- Administration of a live vaccine with 30 days of planned first dose of study
treatment. Seasonal influenza vaccines for injection are generally inactivated flu
vaccines and are allowed, however intranasal influenza vaccines (e.g., Fluad®) are
live attenuated vaccines, and are not allowed. Any vaccine is cautionary within 30
days.
- Patients with a history or evidence of cardiovascular risk including any of the
following:
1. QT interval corrected for heart rate using the Bazett formula ≥480 msec, a
diagnosis of long QT syndrome (Roman-Ward or Jervell Lange-Nielsen syndromes)
2. Taking medications known to prolong the QT interval.
3. Uncorrectable electrolyte abnormal abnormality (e.g. hypo- or hyperkalaemia,
hypomagnesaemia, hypocalcaemia)
4. Uncontrolled arrhythmias, with the exception of atrial fibrillation which is
controlled for > 30 days prior to randomisation.
5. Patients with implanted cardioverter/defibrillators.
6. Acute coronary syndromes (including myocardial infarction or unstable angina),
coronary angioplasty or stenting within 6 months prior to randomisation.
7. A history or current evidence of New York Heart Association (NYHA) ≥Grade 2
congestive heart failure
8. A current left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) below than the lower limit of
normal (LLN).
9. Any abnormal cardiac valve morphology documented by echocardiogram which in the
opinion of the investigator could interfere with the patient's safety.
10. Treatment-refractory hypertension defined as a systolic blood pressure of >140 mm
Hg and/or a diastolic pressure of >90 mm Hg, which cannot be controlled by
anti-hypertensive treatment.
- Evidence or a risk of retinal vein occlusion (RVO) or central serous retinopathy
(CSR), including:
1. Presence of predisposing factors to RVO or CSR (e.g., uncontrolled glaucoma or
ocular hypertension, uncontrolled hypertension, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus,
or a history of hyperviscosity or hypercoagulability syndromes).
2. Visible retinal pathology as assessed by ophthalmic examination that is
considered a risk factor for RVO or CSR, such as evidence of new optic disc
cupping.
3. Intraocular pressure > 21 mm Hg as measured by tonography.
4. Evidence of new visual field defects on automated perimetry.
- History or evidence of interstitial lung disease or active non-infectious pneumonitis.
- Serious or unstable pre-existing medical conditions or other conditions that could
interfere with the patient's safety, consent, or compliance.
- Has known psychiatric or substance abuse disorders that would interfere with
cooperation with the requirements of the trial.
- Has received prior therapy with an anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, or anti-PD-L2 agent or an
agent directed to another co-inhibitory T-cell receptor (i.e. OX-40, CTLA-4).
Maximum Eligible Age: | N/A |
Minimum Eligible Age: | 18 Years |
Eligible Gender: | All |
Healthy Volunteers: | No |
Primary Outcome Measures
Measure: | Pathological response rate |
Time Frame: | From baseline to 6 weeks |
Safety Issue: | |
Description: | Proportion of patients with complete absence of residual melanoma cells in the planned resected tumour site(s) at week 6 surgery. |
Secondary Outcome Measures
Measure: | Objective clinical (RECIST) response rate |
Time Frame: | From baseline to 6 weeks |
Safety Issue: | |
Description: | Proportion of patients with complete and partial responses at 6 weeks compared to baseline per RECIST guidelines for each treatment arm. |
Measure: | Relapse free survival |
Time Frame: | 5 years |
Safety Issue: | |
Description: | The amount of time that patients are disease free from the time of surgery at 6 weeks from study entry |
Measure: | Overall survival |
Time Frame: | 5 years |
Safety Issue: | |
Description: | The proportion of patients who are alive from the time of study entry |
Measure: | Incidence of post operative infection |
Time Frame: | 6 weeks |
Safety Issue: | |
Description: | The number of patients (and the number of episodes) who develop a post operative infection of the surgical wound requiring intravenous antibiotics and/or wound drainage |
Measure: | Incidence of post operative seroma formation |
Time Frame: | 6 weeks |
Safety Issue: | |
Description: | The number of patients (and the number of episodes) who develop a seroma at the surgical site that requires any intervention and the volume of seroma drainage |
Measure: | Duration of post operative wound drainage time |
Time Frame: | 6 weeks |
Safety Issue: | |
Description: | The number of days that a wound drain remains in situ from the time of surgery |
Measure: | Incidence of post operative bleeding requiring return to theatre or transfusion |
Time Frame: | 6 weeks |
Safety Issue: | |
Description: | The number of patients (and the number of episodes) who have a bleed from the post operative surgical wound that requires a blood transfusion or return to theatre to stop the bleeding |
Measure: | Comparison of surgeon's opinion of operability evaluated at baseline to time of surgery |
Time Frame: | Baseline and 6 weeks |
Safety Issue: | |
Description: | The change, if any, in the surgeon's assessment of 'operability' from baseline opinion (based on clinical and imaging examination) to time of operation |
Measure: | Incidence of any treatment-emergent adverse events |
Time Frame: | 52 weeks |
Safety Issue: | |
Description: | The number of study treatment related adverse events of all Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) grades from the time of starting study treatment to the time of permanent discontinuation of study treatment |
Measure: | Characterisation of the immunophenotype of tumour infiltrating cells in melanoma tissue |
Time Frame: | Baseline, Week 1, Week 2, Week 6 |
Safety Issue: | |
Description: | The effects of study treatment on the body's immune cells within the tumour tissue prior to surgery |
Measure: | Description of the morphological assessment of melanoma tissue |
Time Frame: | Baseline, Week 1, Week 2, Week 6 |
Safety Issue: | |
Description: | The effects of study treatment on the degree of necrosis and genetic markers in tumour tissue prior to surgery |
Measure: | Description of the RNA expression profile of melanoma tumour |
Time Frame: | Baseline, Week 1, Week 2, Week 6 |
Safety Issue: | |
Description: | The effects of study treatment on the baseline function of RNA expression in tumour tissue prior to surgery |
Measure: | Measurement of leucocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood |
Time Frame: | Baseline, Week 1, Week 2, Week 6 |
Safety Issue: | |
Description: | The effects of study treatment on the number and type of white cells in the blood |
Measure: | Measurement of circulating tumour DNA |
Time Frame: | Baseline, Week 1, Week 2, Week 6 |
Safety Issue: | |
Description: | The levels of melanoma DNA that is circulating in the blood stream and the changes during study treatment |
Details
Phase: | Phase 2 |
Primary Purpose: | Interventional |
Overall Status: | Active, not recruiting |
Lead Sponsor: | Melanoma Institute Australia |
Trial Keywords
- Neoadjuvant Therapy
- Pembrolizumab
- Dabrafenib
- Trametinib
- Pathological response
- RECIST
- Immune response
- BRAF
- Randomised
- Stage IIIB/C
- Biomarkers, Tumour
- Biomarkers, Drug response
- Metabolic Response
Last Updated
June 9, 2021