Inclusion Criteria:
- Pathologically confirmed metastatic or unresectable cholangiocarcinoma or gallbladder
carcinoma (GBC), having received at least 1 prior line of systemic therapy, and
received no more than 2 prior lines of therapy in the metastatic setting (disease
recurrence =< 6 months from the last dose of adjuvant therapy in resected patients
will be considered the first line of therapy)
- Includes intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IHC), extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
(EHC), and gallbladder carcinoma (GBC), but not ampulla of vater cancers
- Patients must have measurable disease, defined as at least one lesion that can be
accurately measured in at least one dimension (longest diameter to be recorded for
non-nodal lesions and short axis for nodal lesions) as >= 20 mm (>= 2 cm) with
conventional techniques or as >= 10 mm (>= 1 cm) with spiral computed tomography (CT)
scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or calipers by clinical exam; assessment must
be completed within 4 weeks of randomization
- Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status =< 1 (Karnofsky >= 80%)
- Life expectancy of greater than 2 months
- Leukocytes >= 2,500/mcL (within 2 weeks of randomization)
- Absolute neutrophil count >= 1,500/mcL (within 2 weeks of randomization)
- Platelets >= 75,000/mcL (within 2 weeks of randomization)
- Hemoglobin >= 8 g/dL (within 2 weeks of randomization)
- Total bilirubin =< 1.5 x institutional upper limit of normal (ULN) (however, patients
with known Gilbert disease who have serum bilirubin level =< 3 x ULN may be enrolled)
(within 2 weeks of randomization)
- Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase
[SGOT])/alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase [SGPT])
=< 3 x ULN (within 2 weeks of randomization)
- Creatinine clearance >= 30 mL/min/1.73 m^2 by Cockcroft-Gault OR creatinine < 1.5 x
ULN (within 2 weeks of randomization)
- International normalized ratio (INR) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)
=< 1.5 x ULN (this applies only to patients who do not receive therapeutic
anticoagulation; patients receiving therapeutic anticoagulation, such as
low-molecular-weight heparin or warfarin, should be on a stable dose) (within 2 weeks
of randomization)
- Administration of atezolizumab and cobimetinib may have an adverse effect on pregnancy
and poses a risk to the human fetus, including embryo-lethality; women of childbearing
potential must agree to use either two adequate barrier methods or a barrier method
plus a hormonal method of contraception to prevent pregnancy, or to abstain from
heterosexual activity (complete abstinence) prior to study entry, for the duration of
study participation, and for 5 months (150 days) after the last dose of study agent;
should a woman become pregnant or suspect she is pregnant while she or her partner is
participating in this study, she should inform her treating physician immediately;
male patients must agree to use an adequate method of contraception, or to abstain
from heterosexual activity (complete abstinence), prior to study entry, for the
duration of study participation, and for 5 months (150 days) after the last dose of
study agent
- Ability to understand and the willingness to sign a written informed consent document
- Patients positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are allowed on study, but
HIV-positive patients must have:
- A stable regimen of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART)
- No requirement for concurrent antibiotics or antifungal agents for the prevention
of opportunistic infections
- A CD4 count above 250 cells/mcL and an undetectable HIV viral load on standard
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based tests
- Oxygen saturation >= 92% on room air
Exclusion Criteria:
- Received chemotherapy or radiotherapy within 3 weeks prior to randomization or those
who have not recovered to =< grade 1 adverse events (other than alopecia) due to
agents administered more than 3 weeks earlier; herbal therapy intended as anticancer
therapy must be discontinued at least 1 week prior to randomization; for patients who
received prior immunotherapy (eg anti-CTLA-4), at least five drug half-lives must have
passed before the patient may enroll on this study; however, the following therapies
are allowed:
- Hormone-replacement therapy or oral contraceptives
- Palliative radiotherapy for bone metastases >= 2 weeks prior to randomization
- Prior treatment with a MEK inhibitor or ERK inhibitor
- Prior treatment with any anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 antibody, prior allogeneic bone
marrow transplantation, or prior solid organ transplantation
- Treatment with any investigational agent within 4 weeks prior to cycle 1, day 1, or
five drug half-lives (whichever is longer)
- Treatment with systemic immunosuppressive medications (including, but not limited to,
prednisone, cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, methotrexate, thalidomide, and anti-tumor
necrosis factor [anti-TNF] agents) within 6 weeks prior to cycle 1 day 1;
- Patients who have received acute, low dose, systemic immunosuppressant
medications (e.g., a one-time dose of dexamethasone for nausea) may be enrolled
- The use of inhaled corticosteroids and mineralocorticoids (e.g., fludrocortisone)
for patients with orthostatic hypotension or adrenocortical insufficiency is
allowed
- Patients with known primary central nervous system (CNS) malignancy or symptomatic CNS
metastases, with the following exceptions:
- Patients with asymptomatic treated CNS metastases may be enrolled, provided all
the criteria listed above are met as well as the following:
- Radiographic demonstration of clinical stability upon the completion of CNS
directed therapy and no evidence of interim progression between the
completion of CNS directed therapy and the screening radiographic study
- No stereotactic radiation or whole-brain radiation within 28 days prior to
randomization
- Screening CNS radiographic study >= 4 weeks from completion of radiotherapy
and >= 2 weeks from discontinuation of corticosteroids
- Has a known concurrent malignancy that is expected to require active treatment within
two years, or may interfere with the interpretation of the efficacy and safety
outcomes of this study in the opinion of the treating investigator; superficial
bladder cancer, non-melanoma skin cancers, or low grade prostate cancer not requiring
therapy should not exclude participation in this trial
- Known hypersensitivity to Chinese hamster ovary cell products or other recombinant
human antibodies
- Allergy or hypersensitivity to components of the cobimetinib formulations
- History of congenital long QT syndrome or corrected QT interval (QTc) > 450 msec
within 2 weeks of randomization
- Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) below institutional lower limit of normal
(LLN) or below 50%, whichever is lower, as determined by echocardiogram or multi-gated
acquisition (MUGA) scan within 4 weeks of randomization
- Patients who meet any of the following exclusion criteria related to ocular disease
will be excluded from study entry:
- Known risk factors for ocular toxicity, consisting of any of the following:
- History of serous retinopathy
- History of retinal vein occlusion (RVO)
- Evidence of ongoing serous retinopathy or RVO at screening
- Patients receiving any medications or substances that are strong inhibitors or
inducers of CYP3A4 enzymes are ineligible; these include St. John's wort or hyperforin
(potent CYP3A4 enzyme inducer) and grapefruit juice (potent cytochrome P450 CYP3A4
enzyme inhibitor); such substances can significantly increase or decrease the serum
level of cobimetinib; as part of the enrollment/informed consent procedures, the
patient will be counseled on the risk of interactions with other agents, and what to
do if new medications need to be prescribed or if the patient is considering a new
over-the-counter medicine or herbal product
- Known clinically significant liver disease, including active viral, alcoholic, or
other hepatitis; cirrhosis; fatty liver; and inherited liver disease
- Patients with past or resolved hepatitis B infection (defined as having a
negative hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg] test and a positive anti-HBc
[antibody to hepatitis B core antigen] antibody test) are eligible
- Patients positive for hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody are eligible only if
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is negative for HCV ribonucleic acid (RNA)
- History or risk of autoimmune disease, including, but not limited to, systemic lupus
erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, vascular thrombosis
associated with antiphospholipid syndrome, Wegener's granulomatosis, Sjogren's
syndrome, Bell's palsy, Guillain-Barre syndrome, multiple sclerosis, autoimmune
thyroid disease, vasculitis, or glomerulonephritis
- Patients with a history of autoimmune hypothyroidism on a stable dose of thyroid
replacement hormone may be eligible
- Patients with controlled type 1 diabetes mellitus on a stable insulin regimen may
be eligible
- Patients with eczema, psoriasis, lichen simplex chronicus of vitiligo with
dermatologic manifestations only (e.g., patients with psoriatic arthritis would
be excluded) are permitted provided that they meet the following conditions:
- Rash must cover less than 10% of body surface area (BSA)
- Disease is well controlled at baseline and only requiring low potency
topical steroids (e.g., hydrocortisone 2.5%, hydrocortisone butyrate 0.1%,
flucinolone 0.01%, desonide 0.05%, aclometasone dipropionate 0.05%)
- No acute exacerbations of underlying condition within the last 12 months
(not requiring psoralen plus ultraviolet A radiation [PUVA], methotrexate,
retinoids, biologic agents, oral calcineurin inhibitors; high potency or
oral steroids)
- History of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonitis (including drug induced),
organizing pneumonia (i.e., bronchiolitis obliterans, cryptogenic organizing
pneumonia, etc.), or evidence of active pneumonitis on screening chest computed
tomography (CT) scan; history of radiation pneumonitis in the radiation field
(fibrosis) is permitted
- Severe infections within 4 weeks prior to randomization, including, but not limited
to, hospitalization for complications of infection, bacteremia, or severe pneumonia
- Signs or symptoms of infection within 2 weeks prior to randomization
- Received oral or intravenous (IV) antibiotics within 2 weeks prior to randomization;
patients receiving prophylactic antibiotics (e.g., for prevention of a urinary tract
infection or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) are eligible
- Major surgical procedure within 4 weeks prior to randomization or anticipation of need
for a major surgical procedure during the course of the study
- Administration of a live, attenuated vaccine within 4 weeks before randomization or
anticipation that such a live, attenuated vaccine will be required during the study
and up to 5 months after the last dose of atezolizumab
- Influenza vaccination should be given during influenza season only (approximately
October to March); patients must not receive live, attenuated influenza vaccine
within 4 weeks prior to cycle 1, day 1 or at any time during the study
- Uncontrolled intercurrent illness including, but not limited to, ongoing or active
infection, active tuberculosis (TB), symptomatic congestive heart failure (CHF),
unstable angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmia, or psychiatric illness/social situations
that would limit compliance with study requirements
- Symptomatic CHF is defined as New York Heart Association (NYHA) CHF class II or
higher disease
- Pregnant women are excluded from this study because both atezolizumab and cobimetinib
are expected to cause fetal harm if used during pregnancy; because there is an unknown
but potential risk for adverse events in nursing infants secondary to treatment of the
mother with cobimetinib or atezolizumab, breastfeeding should be discontinued if the
mother is treated with either therapy; these potential risks may also apply to other
agents used in this study
- Inability or unwillingness to swallow pills
- History of malabsorption syndrome or other condition that would interfere with enteral
absorption
- Clinically significant ascites, defined as ascites that is symptomatic or has resulted
in a paracentesis in the past 3 months
