PRIMARY OBJECTIVES:
I. To estimate and compare treatment failure-free rate at 40 weeks from randomization of
patients with unresectable/metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) receiving one
of the following regimens: Arm A: pazopanib hydrochloride (pazopanib) 800 mg daily plus
intravenous (IV) ascorbic acid 1g/kg 3 times/week and Arm B: pazopanib 800 mg daily.
SECONDARY OBJECTIVES:
I. To estimate and compare the overall survival (OS) in patients receiving pazopanib with or
without IV ascorbic acid.
II. To estimate and compare the progression-free survival (PFS) in patients receiving
pazopanib with or without IV ascorbic acid.
III. To estimate and compare the overall response rate (ORR) in patients receiving pazopanib
with or without IV ascorbic acid.
IV. To estimate and compare the duration on pazopanib treatment in patients receiving
pazopanib with or without IV ascorbic acid.
V. To assess the adverse events (AE) profile and safety of each treatment arm using the
Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE).
CORRELATIVE RESEARCH:
I. Correlation between 5 mC, 5 hmC and H3K27me3 expression (as determined by
immunohistochemistry [IHC]), as well as MeDIP/hMeDIP sequencing (seq), and response to
combination of IV ascorbic acid and pazopanib.
II. Correlation between iron content in tumor microenvironment (as determined by Prussian
blue staining) and response to combination of IV ascorbic acid and pazopanib combination.
III. Correlation between HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha expression (as determined by
immunohistochemistry [IHC]) and response to combination of IV ascorbic acid and pazopanib
combination.
IV. Correlation between GLUT1 expression (as determined by IHC) and response to combination
of IV ascorbic acid and pazopanib.
V. Correlation between PDL1 expression (as determined by IHC) and response to combination of
IV ascorbic acid and pazopanib.
OUTLINE: Patients are randomized to 1 of 2 arms.
ARM A: Patients receive pazopanib hydrochloride orally (PO) once daily (QD) on days 1-28 and
ascorbic acid IV three times per week. Treatment repeats every 28 days for up to 10 cycles in
the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.
ARM B: Patients receive pazopanib hydrochloride PO QD on days 1-28. Treatment repeats every
28 days for up to 10 cycles in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.
After completion of study treatment, patients are followed up every 8 weeks for up to 2
years.
Inclusion Criteria:
- Histological confirmation of clear cell renal cancer
- Documented metastatic or unresectable disease and at least one measurable lesion by
Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) criteria; NOTE: Nephrectomy or
ablation of the primary tumor is allowed prior to enrollment
- No prior systemic therapy for clear cell renal cancer or have progressed after
immunotherapy such as ipilimumab plus nivolumab in the first line; other
immunotherapies (e.g. interleukin-2) or additional lines of immunotherapy may be
allowed after discussion with the principal investigator
- Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) 0, 1 or 2
- Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) >= 1500/mm^3 (obtained =< 21 days prior to
registration)
- Platelet (PLT) >= 100,000/mm^3 (obtained =< 21 days prior to registration)
- Hemoglobin (Hgb) >= 9.0 g/dL (obtained =< 21 days prior to registration); NOTE:
Subjects may not have had a transfusion =< 7 days of registration
- Total Bilirubin =< 1.5 x upper limit of normal (ULN) (obtained =< 21 days prior to
registration)
- NOTE: For bilirubin elevation 1 to 1.5 x ULN, alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
above 1.5 x ULN (upper limit of normal) is not permitted
- NOTE: For bilirubin elevation 1 to 1.5 x ULN, aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
above 1.5 x ULN (upper limit of normal) is not permitted
- Alanine amino transferase (ALT) < 2.5 X ULN, with normal bilirubin (obtained =< 21
days prior to registration); NOTE: Concomitant elevations in bilirubin and ALT above
1.5 x ULN (upper limit of normal) is not permitted
- Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) < 2.5 X ULN, with normal bilirubin (obtained =< 21
days prior to registration); NOTE: Concomitant elevations in bilirubin and AST above
1.5 x ULN (upper limit of normal) is not permitted
- Creatinine =< 1.5 mg/dl OR creatinine > 1.5 mg/dl, estimated creatinine clearance must
be >= 55 mL/minute by Cockcroft Gault formula (obtained =< 21 days prior to
registration)
- International normalized ratio (INR) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)
=< 1.5 x ULN (obtained =< 21 days prior to registration); NOTE: This applies only to
patients who are not receiving therapeutic anticoagulation; patients receiving
therapeutic anticoagulation should be on a stable dose
- Individuals of non-childbearing potential, or individual of childbearing potential
with negative serum pregnancy test =< 7 days prior to randomization and willing to
practice total abstinence or use a highly effective method of contraception, as
outlined below:
- Non-childbearing potential (i.e., physiologically incapable of becoming
pregnant), including any female individual who has had the following:
- A hysterectomy
- A bilateral oophorectomy (ovariectomy)
- A bilateral tubal ligation
- Is post-menopausal
- NOTE: Subjects not using hormone replacement therapy (HRT) must have
experienced total cessation of menses for >= 1 year and be greater than 45
years in age, OR, in questionable cases, have a follicle stimulating hormone
(FSH) value > 40 mIU/mL and an estradiol value < 40 pg/mL (< 140 pmol/L);
subjects using HRT must have experienced total cessation of menses for >= 1
year and be greater than 45 years of age OR have had documented evidence of
menopause based on FSH and estradiol concentrations prior to initiation of
HRT
- Childbearing potential, including any individual who has had a negative serum
pregnancy test, =< 7 days prior to randomization
- Agrees to use adequate contraception; acceptable contraceptive methods, when used
consistently and in accordance with both the product label and the instructions
of the physician, are as follows:
- Complete abstinence from sexual intercourse for 14 days before exposure to
investigational product, through the dosing period, and for at least 21 days
after the last dose of investigational product
- Oral contraceptive, either combined or progestogen alone
- Intrauterine device (IUD) or intrauterine system (IUS) with a documented
failure rate of less than 1% per year
- Male partner sterilization (vasectomy with documentation of azoospermia)
prior to the female subject's entry into the study, and this male is the
sole partner for that subject
- Double barrier method: condom and an occlusive cap (diaphragm or
cervical/vault caps) with a vaginal spermicidal agent
(foam/gel/film/cream/suppository)
- Provide informed written consent
- Willing to provide archive tissue samples for correlative research purposes
Exclusion Criteria:
- Any of the following:
- Individuals/or persons who are nursing
- Individual/or persons who are pregnant
- Individuals/or persons of childbearing potential who are unwilling to employ
adequate contraception
- Co-morbid systemic illnesses or other severe concurrent disease which, in the judgment
of the investigator, would make the patient inappropriate for entry into this study or
interfere significantly with the proper assessment of safety and toxicity of the
prescribed regimens
- Immunocompromised patients (other than that related to the use of corticosteroids)
including patients known to be human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive
- Prior history of receiving pazopanib or any other tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatments
for malignancy
- Uncontrolled intercurrent illness including, but not limited to:
- Chronic ongoing or active infection
- Symptomatic anemia
- Uncontrolled hypertension (defined as systolic blood pressure [SBP] of >= 160
mmHg or diastolic blood pressure [DBP] of >= 100 mmHg)
- Symptomatic congestive heart failure as defined by the New York Heart Association
(NYHA) (does not exclude class III congestive heart failure [CHF])
- Unstable angina pectoris
- Cardiac arrhythmia
- Evidence of active bleeding or bleeding diathesis
- Psychiatric illness/social situations that would limit compliance with study
requirements
- Any other serious uncontrolled medical disorders in the opinion of the
investigator
- History of a major thromboembolic event =< 6 months prior to randomization, including
cerebrovascular accident, transient ischemic attack (TIA), myocardial infarction,
symptomatic pulmonary embolism (PE) or untreated deep venous thrombosis (DVT), or
coronary artery bypass graft surgery; NOTE: Subjects with recent DVT or asymptomatic
PE who have been treated with therapeutic anticoagulating agents for at least 6 weeks
are eligible
- Receiving any other investigational agent which would be considered as a treatment for
the primary neoplasm
- Other active malignancy =< 5 years prior to randomization; EXCEPTIONS: Nonmelanoma
skin cancer or carcinoma-in-situ of the cervix, or cancers with low metastatic
potential (e.g. Gleason score 6 prostate cancer) treated with curative therapy; NOTE:
If there is a history or prior malignancy, they must not be receiving other specific
treatment for their cancer
- History or clinical evidence of central nervous system (CNS) metastases or
leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, except for individuals who have previously treated CNS
metastases, are asymptomatic, and have had no requirement for steroids or anti-seizure
medication for =< 6 months prior to randomization; Note: Screening with CNS imaging
studies (computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) is required
only if clinically indicated or if the subject has a history of CNS metastases
- Clinically significant gastrointestinal abnormalities that may increase the risk for
gastrointestinal bleeding including, but not limited to:
- Active peptic ulcer disease
- Known intraluminal metastatic lesion/s with risk of bleeding
- Inflammatory bowel disease (e.g. ulcerative colitis, Crohn?s disease), or other
gastrointestinal conditions with increased risk of perforation
- History of abdominal fistula, gastrointestinal perforation, or intra-abdominal
abscess =< 28 days prior to randomization
- Clinically significant gastrointestinal abnormalities that may affect absorption
of investigational product including, but not limited to:
- Malabsorption syndrome
- Any prior major resection of the stomach or small bowel
- Corrected QT interval (QTc) > 480 msecs using Bazett?s formula
- Receiving any medications or substances with risk of Torsades de Pointes; Note:
medications or substances on the list ?Drugs with Risk of Torsades de Pointes? are
prohibited; medications or substances on the list ?Drugs with Possible or Conditional
Risk of Torsades de Pointes? may be used while on study with extreme caution and
careful monitoring
- Treatment with any of the following anti-cancer therapies =< 14 days prior to
registration:
- Radiation therapy
- Surgery or tumor embolization
- Chemotherapy, immunotherapy
- Biologic therapy
- Investigational therapy
- Hormonal therapy
- Prior autologous or allogeneic organ or tissue transplantation
- Elective or planned major surgery to be performed during the course of the trial
- Receiving any medications or substances that are strong or moderate inhibitors of
CYP3A4; use of strong or moderate inhibitors are prohibited =< 7 days prior to
randomization
- Receiving any medications or substances that are inducers of CYP3A4; use of inducers
are prohibited =< 7 days prior to randomization
- Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency (i.e. below normal limits)
- End-stage renal disease (estimated glomerular filtration rate [GFR] < 55 ml/min/body
surface area [BSA]), unless the estimated creatinine clearance by Cockcroft Gault is
>= 55 ml/min prior to randomization
- History of calcium oxalate stones
- History of iron overload
- Unable to swallow oral medications
- History of myocardial infarction =< 6 months, current symptomatic CHF or left
ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) < 40% or > grade 2 diastolic dysfunction, with no
symptoms or signs of heart failure
