Overview

The process of immune regulation involves several pathways related to T-cell and B-cell activation, proliferation, foreign antigen elimination, and induction of tumor cell death. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTLA4) is a cell-surface receptor expressed on CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) is a cell surface receptor expressed on T-cells and pro-B-cells. Both are components of the immune checkpoint that functions in blocking the activation of a T-cell response. [1]

Figure 1. CTLA4 receptor stimulation negatively regulates the immune system by switching off the T-cell response, preventing the further activation of the adaptive immune response by inhibiting AKT. PD-1 receptor stimulation (PD-L1 and PD-L2 expressed on Antigen-Presenting cells) negatively regulates the immune system by switching off the T-cell responseópreventing further activation of the adaptive immune response. Specific nodes in the pathway that are therapeutically actionable are noted.

References

1. All assertions and clinical trial landscape data are curated from primary sources. You can read more about the curation process here.